调整SWAP
在Debian 11上调整swap大小，可以通过以下步骤进行：
1、禁用当前的swap分区或文件。
2、创建一个新的swap分区或文件。
3、启用新的swap分区或文件。
以下是具体的命令：
# 禁用所有当前的swap空间 swapoff -a # 删除当前的swap文件（如果有的话） rm -f /swapfile # 创建一个新的swap文件，或可调整swapfile文件大小 fallocate -l 1G /swapfile # 设置正确的权限 chmod 600 /swapfile # 设置swap文件 mkswap /swapfile # 启用新的swap空间 swapon /swapfile # 确保在重启后也启用swap echo '/swapfile none swap sw 0 0' | tee -a /etc/fstab
相关：
# 检查SWAP分区状态 swapon -s # 或 free -m # 如 fallocate 无法使用，安装util-linux包 apt install util-linux # 开机加载，编辑 /etc/fstab 这个文件，加入下面的内容 echo "/swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
关闭 Swap
有时需要关闭 Swap 分区，可以使用下面命令：
首先，停用 Swap 分区：
swapoff -v /swapfile
然后检查 /etc/fstab，删除 /swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0 这一行。
最后删除 /swapfile 这个文件：
rm /swapfile
SWAP使用频率调整：
Swapiness 是 Linux 内核的一个属性，定义了系统使用交换空间的频率，Swapiness 的值在 0 到 100 之间 (默认是 60)，一个低的值会使内核尽可能地避免交换，而一个高的值会使内核更积极地使用交换空间。
这个值默认是 60，可以使用 cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness 命令查看当前值。
查看swap使用率高的进程号
for i in $( cd /proc;ls |grep "^[0-9]"|awk ' $0 >100') ;do awk '/Swap:/{a=a+$2}END{print '"$i"',a/1024"M"}' /proc/$i/smaps 2>/dev/null ; done | sort -k2nr |head临时修改方法：
使用sysctl命令：您可以通过执行
sysctl vm.swappiness=值
来临时修改swappiness的值。例如，要将swappiness设置为10，您可以运行
sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10
请注意，这种修改在重启后将不会保留。
永久修改：Debian / Ubuntu 手工调整系统内核 Swappiness 值
编辑配置文件：要永久修改swappiness值，要编辑/etc/sysctl.conf文件。在文件中添加或修改vm.swappiness=值这一行，将“值”替换为要设置的swappiness数值。
重启系统：完成编辑后，保存并关闭文件，然后重启您的系统以使更改生效。
如：改为 10：
# 更改swappiness echo "vm.swappiness=10" >> /etc/sysctl.conf # 生效 sysctl -p
需要注意的是，swappiness的设置取决于具体需求和系统内存状况。如果希望系统尽可能多地使用物理内存而不是交换空间，可以将swappiness设置为较低的值，如将swappiness设置为1，而非0。
更换DEBIAN安装源
1、清华：
项目网址：https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/debian/
tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list << EOF deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib non-free deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib non-free deb https://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb-src https://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free EOF
2、阿里
tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list << EOF deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye main non-free contrib deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye main non-free contrib deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye-updates main non-free contrib deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye-updates main non-free contrib deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye-backports main non-free contrib deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye-backports main non-free contrib EOF
3、腾讯
tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list << EOF deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bullseye main non-free contrib deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bullseye main non-free contrib deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bullseye-updates main non-free contrib deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bullseye-updates main non-free contrib deb https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bullseye-backports main non-free contrib deb-src https://mirrors.tencent.com/debian/ bullseye-backports main non-free contrib EOF
4、网易
tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list << EOF deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bullseye main non-free contrib deb-src https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bullseye main non-free contrib deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb-src https://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bullseye-updates main non-free contrib deb-src https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bullseye-updates main non-free contrib deb https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bullseye-backports main non-free contrib deb-src https://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bullseye-backports main non-free contrib EOF
5、华为
tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list << EOF deb https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bullseye main non-free contrib deb-src https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bullseye main non-free contrib deb https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb-src https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bullseye-updates main non-free contrib deb-src https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bullseye-updates main non-free contrib deb https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bullseye-backports main non-free contrib deb-src https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/debian/ bullseye-backports main non-free contrib EOF
替换完成后，进行验证：
apt update # -qq 静默输出 apt update -qq
其它
1、改SSH端口：
# 改SSH端口 vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config # 重启SSHD服务生效 systemctl restart sshd #改root密码 passwd root
2、debian10升级debian11
tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list << EOF deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye main contrib non-free deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports main contrib non-free deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free EOF
运行 apt update 和 apt upgrade 命令进行升级
sudo apt update sudo apt upgrade sudo apt dist-upgrade
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